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While all police weapons can potentially be taken from an officer and used against them, this risk is even greater with batons, as they can be grabbed and pulled away by a suspect if the officer improperly brandishes or swings them. Side-handled batons were issued for a while, but fell out of favour. Batons are also used for non-weapon purposes such as breaking windows to free individuals trapped in a vehicle, or turning out a suspect's pockets during a search as a precaution against sharp objects. Before the s, a common use of the police baton was to strike a suspect's head with a full-force overhand motion in order to stun them or knock them unconscious by cerebral concussion , similar to the pre-baton practice of buffaloing with the handle of a revolver. Since the late s, the collapsible baton is issued except for public order duties, where a fixed, acrylic baton is used. If you use my method with one or two strikes and step back, he realizes that the thing has gone against him, and the confrontation is over. The shafts are usually made of steel, but lightweight baton models may have their shafts made from other materials such as aluminium alloy. Side-handle batons have been involved in high-profile incidents of alleged police brutality , such as in New Zealand's Springbok Tour [6] [7] and the Rodney King beating. That is, these weapons are not designed to be fatal, but they can be. They are often made of hardwood, but in modern times are available in other materials such as aluminium, acrylic, and dense plastics and rubber. The design and popularity of specific types of baton have evolved over the years and are influenced by a variety of factors. An expandable baton is opened by being swung in a forceful manner while collapsed, using inertia to extend and lock the segments by friction. The meaning "policeman's club" is first recorded The truncheon acted as the policeman's ' Warrant Card ' as the Royal Crest attached to it indicated the policeman's authority. Law enforcement sources from the midth century preferred to divide these into two categories: "Blackjacks", which have a mostly cylindrical striking head, and "saps" which have a flat, usually oval-shaped head. That is why most police departments have stopped issuing them. First, there was a high risk and incidence of death or permanent injury, as the difference in force between that required to concuss a suspect into non-resistance and that which would fracture their skull tends to be narrow and unpredictable. The use or carrying of batons or improvised clubs by people other than law enforcement officers is restricted by law in many countries. In Russia traffic batons are striped in black and white for the same reason, and in Sweden they are white. Despite having been replaced by side-handle and expandable batons in many if not most law enforcement agencies, straightsticks remain in use by many major departments in the US, such as the Baltimore , Denver , Sacramento , Long Beach , Santa Ana , Philadelphia , San Francisco , and Riverside Police Departments. This is meant to stun or knock out the subject, although head strikes have a high risk of causing a permanent, disabling brain injury or being fatal. Some variants use powdered metal or even sand for the weight inside the head, usually called a "soft sap," which reduces the likelihood of bone fractures. It is also commonly used in the UK and many other countries as a means of gaining entry quickly to a vehicle that contains offenders. Expandable batons are made in both straight and side-handle configurations, but are considerably more common in the straight configuration. Side-handle batons are made in both fixed and collapsible models and may be constructed from a range of materials including wood, poly-carbonate, epoxy, aluminium, or a combination of materials. The night-stick was longer so it could provide extra protection which was thought to be necessary at night. One-piece designs are potentially stronger than two-piece designs, and have no risk of having a locking screw loosen from its threads. Rubber batons are not very effective when used on the subject's arms or legs, and can still cause injury if the head is struck. It can be used defensively to block ; offensively to strike, jab, or bludgeon; and it can aid in the application of armlocks. Like Tasers and pepper spray, batons are referred to as "less-lethal" rather than "non-lethal". According to the Online Etymology Dictionary , this name is first recorded in as slang for a burglars' crowbar. Side-handle batons sometimes referred to as T-batons or nightsticks are batons with a short side handle at a right angle to the shaft, about six inches from one end. But if you hit him in the head and put him into a state of shock where he is almost immune to pain, and now enraged beyond reason, the only thing left for you to do is beat him into the ground. It is carried as a compliance tool and defensive weapon [1] by law-enforcement officers, correctional staff, security guards and military personnel. Taken together, these are intended to impair the subject's ability to continue advancing by striking the leg or attack by striking the arm by causing transitory neurapraxia temporary muscle pain, spasm and paralysis due to nerve injury. The slight flexibility and resilience of the handle gave these small clubs a whip-like action. Some mechanical-lock versions can also be opened by simply pulling the segments apart. Most agencies have replaced the straightstick with other batons because of inconvenience to carry, and a desire for their officers to look less threatening to the community they serve. The terminology used to refer to these weapons varies and can be imprecise, and depends on the source and time period. This makes them less maneuverable, but theoretically would deliver more kinetic energy on impact. In the 20th century, newer designs emerged that were shorter and predominately made of stitched or braided leather, with a flexible spring inside the handle. In New York , the police used to use two kinds of batons depending on the time. The expandable baton is provided to most officers in the British police forces, the idea being that should violence suddenly escalate, the baton can be easily deployed but can be stowed neatly away so as not to affect movement due to its mounting point on the officer's clothing. Additionally, the baton, in collapsed configuration, may be used as a control device against non-compliant subjects in conjunction with pain-compliance control techniques, such as to remove a driver refusing to exit his or her vehicle. This is why so many police brutality charges came about when batons were used the old-fashioned way. It can be used as a large kubotan. Longer truncheons are called "riot batons" because of their use in riot control. Depending on the holster or scabbard design, it may be possible to carry an expandable baton in either collapsed or expanded position, which would be helpful if an officer needed to holster an expanded baton and it was not possible or convenient to collapse it at the time.

A baton or truncheon is a roughly cylindrical club made of wood, rubber, plastic or metal. None of them ever have. Depending on the design, expandable batons may be collapsed either by being brought down inverted on a hard surface, or by depressing a button lock and manually collapsing the shafts.

This weapon source referred to by some sources as a "sap" derived from " sapling " due to its wood handlehow much is a blackjack weapon worth euphemistically as a "life-preserver.

Truncheons are often ornamented with their organizations' coats of arms. The best-known example is the Monadnock PR; "PR" has become a genericized trademark within the law enforcement and security communities for this type of product.

When directed at the head, it works by concussing the brain without cutting the scalp. Some criminals use batons as weapons because of their simple construction and easy concealment.

In modern police training, the primary targets are large nerve clusters, such as the common peroneal nerve in the mid-thigh and large, easily targetable muscle groups, such as the quadriceps and biceps.

In the early days of use, they were favored for their ability to stun or knock a suspect unconscious with a blow to the head.

Batons are less expensive than Tasers to buy or to use, and carry none of the risk of cross-contamination of OC aerosol canisters such as pepper spray in confined areas in houses, if police use pepper spray, the officers may get the spray in their eyes accidentally. The flat sap, in particular, could be used to strike large muscle groups with the edge. Batons in common use by police around the world include many different designs, such as fixed-length straight batons, blackjacks, fixed-length side-handle batons, collapsible straight batons, and other more exotic variations. A straight, fixed-length baton also commonly referred to as a "straightstick" is the oldest and simplest police baton design, known as far back as ancient Egypt. In some contexts, these terms are used loosely to refer to any small, dense bludgeon, including those that are improvised. The typical truncheon is a straight stick made from wood or a synthetic material, approximately 1. Expandable batons may have a solid tip at the outer end of the innermost shaft; the purpose of the solid tip is to maximize the power of a strike when the baton is used as an impact weapon. The terms blackjack , cosh , and sap refer to any of several short, easily concealed club weapons consisting of a dense often lead weight attached to the end of a short shaft, used as a bludgeon. An expandable baton also referred to variously as a collapsible baton , telescopic [or telescoping ] baton , tactical baton , spring cosh , ASP , Extendable , or extendo [slang] is typically composed of a cylindrical outer shaft containing telescoping inner shafts typically 2 or 3, depending on the design that lock into each other when expanded. I've trained over police departments, comprising over ten thousand men. A type used by sailors in the 19th and early 20th century was weighted with a heavy lead ball at one or both ends of a piece of baleen , which is then wrapped in woven or plaited marline or codline and then varnished over. What you're doing when you hit a man in the head is first, creating a serious danger of death, and second, you're numbing the one part of the body that can stop him. The sap's flat profile makes it easier to carry in a pocket and spreads its impact out over a broader area, making it less likely to break bone. The side handle may be removed from the shaft by the end-user, converting the side-handle into a straight baton. In such a situation the baton is deployed and, due to the solid end of the device, is used to strike the side windows or windscreen of the vehicle to either gain entry or to stop the driver seeing where they are going in circumstances where the officer has hit the screen while the vehicle is still in motion. The baton is considered to have a greater risk of lethality than most less-lethal weapons, and so is higher on the use of force continuum than Tasers or OC. Some side-handle batons are one-piece design; the side-handle component and primary shaft are permanently fused together during manufacturing. The baton is swung in fast, "snapping" strikes to these areas, sometimes only making contact with the tip. As a result, civil lawsuits and claims of police brutality resulted in revised training for officers. Straightsticks tend to be heavier and have more weight concentrated in the striking end than other designs. Until the mids, British police officers carried traditional wooden truncheons of a sort that had changed little from Victorian times. The usual striking or bludgeoning action is not produced by a simple and direct hit, as with an ordinary blunt object, but rather by bringing the arm down sharply while allowing the truncheon to pivot nearly freely forward and downward, so moving its tip much faster than its handle. Other side-handle batons are two-piece in design common among cheaper makes ; the side-handle component is screwed into the primary shaft. Hand-held impact weapons have some advantages over newer less-lethal weapons. These include inherent compromises in the dual and competing goals of control effectiveness and safety for both officer and subject. This was always removed when the equipment left official service often with the person who used it. The Russian police standard-issue baton is rubber, except in places such as Siberia , where it can be cold enough that the rubber may become brittle and break if struck. Some of the kinetic energy bends and compresses the rubber and bounces off when the object is struck. The traffic baton is red to make it more visible as a signaling aid in directing traffic. However, it can also be used to strike with the edge for more focused impact, though this was discouraged by most police departments for precisely this reason. All types have their advantages and disadvantages. The Victorian original has since developed into the several varieties available today. Other names for a baton are a truncheon , cosh , billystick , billy club , nightstick , or stick. Straight batons of rubber have a softer impact. In every class, I ask the officers if they've ever seen a subject subdued with one blow to the head. However, this practice had two major liabilities. A baton or truncheon may be used in many ways as a weapon. Blackjacks and saps were popular among law enforcement for a time due to their low profile, small size, and usability at very close range , such as when grappling with a suspect. In the Victorian era , police in London carried truncheons about one foot long called billy clubs. Tasers and OC canisters have limited ammunition, whereas batons use none. Modern systems strictly prohibit hitting the skull , sternum , spine , or groin unless such an attack is conducted in defense of life, with many jurisdictions considering this deadly force.